Research Paper on Medical Testing on Animals Essay Example

Research Paper on Medical Testing on Animals Essay Medical testing on animals is a generic term for the use in the research, testing substances and products in education and training purposes as well as in the diagnosis of diseases and production of biological products. The definition of animal testing varies between countries. The species of animal that is used primarily in medical testing on animals are mice, rats, fish and wildfowl. Even rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, cows and monkeys may occur in testing on animals. One uses laboratory animals when there is no in vitro system corresponding to the human metabolism. Tests with laboratory animals have been severely criticized, especially from so-called animal rights activists. University and college students who are about to write their research papers on medical testing on animals have to understand that EU law definition of animal testing is much more limited than the American and includes, for example, only animals subjected to intervention, at least in the form of a needle, for example, by injection. Animals that are killed without prior intervention is not included in the definition or in animal experiments of the EU statistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Medical Testing on Animals specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Medical Testing on Animals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Medical Testing on Animals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer EU Commission compiles animal testing statistics every three years. The most recent is from 2013. According to these statistics 12.1 million animals were used in animal testing in the EU in 20013. Most of the animals were mice – 53%. Since 2004, it is prohibited to carry out animal testing on cosmetic and hygiene products in the EU. The safety assessment is mandatory for manufacturers and importers under the cosmetics directive based on toxicological information on the constituent ingredients. The U.S. welfare legislation does not define the rats, mice, birds and fish that are most commonly used in medical testing on animals, as animals. They are therefore not protected by law and they are counted usually not included in the statistics on the number of animals used in the experiments. Interest in alternatives to animal testing has increased, not least as a result of the EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics. Although the new EU legislation for the registration and control of chemicals, REACH, has meant that interest to develop new test methods that can replace animal tests have increased substantially. Through its Research Framework Programs EU spends money on projects to replace animal tests in particular, the chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The most common alternatives to animal testing in research and testing are different cell models, but also computer models are common, especially in education and the development of pharmaceuticals. Other options include chemical analysis, dummies and models in various materials and techniques that make it possible to perform risk-free research on human volunteers. We recommend you to use free example research papers on medical testing on animals to get the global idea on the various aspects of the phenomena. In addition, these free research proposals could be a great source of the relevant information. Are you looking for a top-notch custom research paper about Medical Testing on Animals? Is confidentiality as important to you as the high quality of the product? Try our writing service at EssayLib.com! We can offer you professional assistance at affordable rates. Our experienced PhD and Master’s writers are ready to take into account your smallest demands. We guarantee you 100% authenticity of your paper and assure you of dead on time delivery. Proceed with the order form:

Adderall Literature Review Essay Example

Adderall Literature Review Essay Example Adderall Literature Review Essay Adderall Literature Review Essay Harmonizing to DSM-IV ( 2005 ) . Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) is defined as persistent form of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more often displayed and is more terrible than is typically observed in persons at comparable degree of development. A recent survey suggests that 9 % of U. S. school-aged kids ( 3-17 ) are diagnosed with ADHD ( US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010 ) . At first. there was a misconception in society that ADHD merely affected kids and that finally they would outgrow it. However. recent information suggests that 4. 4 % of the U. S. grownup population have ADHD. Studies besides indicate that 30 % -70 % of kids with ADHD continue to hold symptoms as grownups. ( Desantis. 2008. p. 31 ) In footings of handling ADHD. Adderall is the most normally prescribed medical specialty for kids and grownups. Harmonizing to Desantis ( as cited in Okie. 2006 ) . The figure of American grownups who are prescribed medicine to handle the upset has increased by 90 % from 2002 to 2005. with grownups having tierce of all prescriptions ( p. 32 ) . Shire Pharmaceuticals introduced Adderall in 1996. In 2001. Shire introduced an drawn-out release version known as Adderall XR. Adderall is a assorted salt pep pill. It works to increase concentration and focal point by exciting the production of Dopastat and noradrenaline in the encephalon ( Schiffner. 2010 ) . For persons with ADHD. Adderall produces adequate Dopastat and noradrenaline in the encephalon to convey them to a normal province of operation and focal point. For persons without ADHD. Adderall tends to over-stimulate the encephalon. which consequences in an even higher degree of working and concentrate. Adderall. along with cocaine and other substances. is classified as a Schedule II substance because of its possible for maltreatment and dependence both physically and psychologically. Consumption of Adderall by College Students The chief topic being explored throughout this paper is the usage of Adderall among college pupils. There have been legion surveies that have explored the overall use of Adderall. but merely a few have focused specifically on its ingestion by college pupils. Surveies have besides been done on the illegal use of other stimulations among college pupils. which highlight comparative statistics. Nichols ( 2004 ) indicated. †¦the United States Department of Health and Human Services found in an one-year study of drug usage that 1. 8 million Americans between the ages of 18 and 25. or 6 per centum of those surveyed. admitted holding taken Ritalin - an older stimulation used to handle attention-deficit upset - without a prescription ( p. A41 ) . This survey indicates that there is a turning population of college pupils who consume non-prescribed stimulations. McCabe et Al ( 2005 ) . conducted a survey in which 10. 904 pupils were surveyed at 119 different 4-year colleges in the United States. From that survey McCabe et Al ( 2005 ) found that 6. 9 % of the pupils surveyed used an illegal prescription stimulation in their life. 4. 1 % of which used an illegal prescription stimulation in the past twelvemonth. Besides for the survey. McCabe et Al ( 2005 ) found that non-medical prescription stimulation users were more likely to describe usage of intoxicant. coffin nails. marihuana. rapture. cocaine. and other hazardous behaviors ( p. 96 ) . Loe et Al ( 2008 ) conducted a survey on Adderall and Ritalin amongst the college population and consequences showed that pupils †¦may resort to medical agencies to pull off their clip and to execute good indoors and outside of the classroom ( p. 8 ) . Although the primary usage of the drug is for academic intents. pupils besides turn to it for recreational intents. Statistically. Loe et Al ( 2008 ) reported. 75 % of the pupils who took these Master of Educations indicated making so for academic intents. Students besides list taking them for merriment ( 68 % ) . to remain awake ( 56 % ) . and to party ( 50 % ) as other reasons ( p. 8 ) . Adderall may besides assist immature grownups better their drive ability. It has been reported that persons with ADHD are more likely to be at mistake in driving accidents ( Burgbacher and Brewer. 2006. p. 7 ) ( as cited in Kay. 2005 ) . This information indicates that pupils are happening alternate grounds for utilizing stimulations and non merely for academic intents. Desantis et Al ( 2008 ) surveyed 1. 811 pupils at a big public establishment in the sou-east. Of the pupils surveyed. merely 4 % reported holding a prescription to ADHD while 34 % reported holding used ADHD medicine illicitly ( p. 32 ) . Desantis et Al ( 2008 ) besides indicated that merely 2 % of the pupils believed Schedule II pep pills posed a wellness hazard. 81 % of the pupils believed that ADHD medicines were not unsafe at all or slightly dangerous ( Desantis et al 2008. p. 33 ) More late. Schwarz ( 2013 ) . in an article for the New York Times. indicated ( as cited in I. M. S. Health. 2011 ) that about 14 million monthly prescriptions for the status were written for Americans ages 20-39. two and half times the 5. 6 million merely 4 old ages earlier. ( p. 18 ) Each of these surveies reported similar statistics and similar tendencies turning amongst the college population. Each survey reported a high rate of pupils devouring non-medical ADHD medicines. The more alarming statistic revealed by these surveies is that non-medical prescription stimulation users were more likely to mistreat other drugs and besides believed that ADHD medicines were non unsafe at all. This indicates that Adderall and other ADHD medicines are going a gateway drug. It is besides indicates that pupils may be warranting their use of non-medical ingestion of ADHD medicine. Attainment of Adderall Surveies show that Adderall is used really frequently which indicates that it is non hard for a pupil to achieve. Obviously. those without prescriptions find it instead easy to obtain Adderall. On college campuses. there are normally equals selling or willing to give away Adderall. which is a federal offense. Stolz ( 2012 ) put much of the incrimination on universities by saying that. Universities are a big portion of the job. Student can merely travel to the wellness clinic on campus and obtain a prescription for Adderall or an ADHD diagnosing. The procedure is easy for most. and many pupils are misdiagnosed in that mode. University clinics eliminate the demand for these pupils to happen and do assignments with a head-shrinker. which may take months and entails more rigorous proving anterior to diagnosis. ( p. 586 ) Surveies besides show that. along with universities. doctors frequently prescribe ADHD prescriptions without executing exact appraisals that doctors are trained to execute ( Nichols. 2004 ) . Furthermore. money is besides areason for a pupil to seek an Adderall prescription. Based on the old statistics mentioned. it is widely known that there is a high demand for Adderall on a college campus. which makes it a profitable investing. Not merely does the person who obtains the prescription benefit from the sweetening of their ain academic public presentation. but besides the potency to gain income by selling the pills ( Stolz. 2012. p. 586 ) . Loe et Al ( 2008 ) reported that Of the 68 pupils who claimed to hold taken prescription stimulations without a prescription. a big bulk. 87 % . received the drugs from friends and household and 26 % purchased the drug. ( p. 9 ) . This statistic farther verifies the simpleness in obtaining prescription stimulations. Health Concerns in Correlation with Adderall Consumption Along with the top of the drug. as with any other drug. there is a downside that negatively affects persons physically and psychologically. Negative side effects of Adderall ingestion include trouble kiping. loss of appetency. ictuss. uncontrolled shaking and organic structure motions. and hallucinations ( Schiffner. 2010 ) . The Medical Guide for Adderall ( which is approved by the U. S. Food and Drug disposals ) lists common side effects as. Headache. decreased appetency. tummy aching. jitteriness. problem kiping. temper swings. weight loss. giddiness. dry oral cavity. and fast bosom beat ( Medication Guide. 2011. p. 17 ) More drastic side effects may ensue from long periods of Adderall ingestion. particularly for persons who do non hold ADHD. Ultimately. this long term ingestion can ensue in terrible physical and psychological dependance. In a recent article in the New York Times. Schwarz ( 2013 ) ( as cited from The Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2006 ) wrote. †¦about 10 per centum of striplings and immature grownups who misused ADHD stimulations became addicted to them. Even proper. physician supervised usage of the medicines can trip psychotic behaviour or self-destructive ideas in approximately 1 in 400 patients. harmonizing to a 2006 survey in the American Journal of Psychiatry ( p. 18 ) . In March 2005. Health Canada really suspended the sale of Adderall XR based on 20 international studies of sudden decease in patients ( Kratochvil. 2005 ) . Obviously. the long-run usage of Adderall can do major wellness issues including. terrible dependance. psychotic behaviours. possible self-destructive ideations. and even sudden decease. Justifications for Illegal usage of Adderall and Other Attention-deficit Medicines In society. persons with drug and substance maltreatment issues frequently try to warrant their maltreatment. The chief end of Desantis’ ( 2008 ) survey was to see how college pupils conceive the drug and warrant its use ( p. 35 ) . The first justification was comparing ADHD stimulations to party drugs. They asserted that it was morally justifiable to utilize ADHD stimulations because it was to advance a positive result ( Desantis. 2008 p. 36 ) . Another averment was that ADHD stimulations were good . legal drugs because they come from medical constitutions instead than bad. illegal street drugs ( Desantis. 2008. p. 36 ) . Other participants believed that there’s no high because it does non change their head and present the same side effects in comparing to other illegal street drugs ( Desantis. 2008 pp. 36-37 ) . Other justifications indicated in Desantis’ ( 2008 ) survey were that pupils use ADHD stimulations in moderateness and therefore it is non harmful. Other pupils maintained that they use stimulations to self-medicate because they believe they have ADHD themselves and have non been diagnosed. The concluding rationalisation is that ADHD stimulations are harmless. benign. and a socially acceptable anti-fatigue aid ( Desantis. 2008. pp. 38-41 ) . All in all. the old research supplies recent qualitative and quantitative informations that implies that Adderall and other ADHD stimulating ingestion among the college population is a repeating and turning tendency. Research besides maintained that universities and doctors are besides responsible for the drugs circulation. As a consequence of this research. it is apparent that college-aged persons are incognizant of the major physical and psychological hazards that can ensue from the illegal ingestion of Adderall and besides believe that their ingestion is justifiable within society. For this survey. a study will be anonymously distributed among college campuses in the country incorporating both quantitative and qualitative inquiries about their experience and/or cognition of Adderall. The sample population will be college pupils in the country between the ages of 18-25. The sample population will be selected anonymously and will stay anon. because the survey touches upon illegal activity. I will derive entree to my topics via societal media webs ( facebook. chirrup. etc. ) . From the study. I expect to obtain pertinent information that will assist understand why college pupils consume non-prescribed Adderall. how they gain entree to Adderall. and if they are cognizant of the hazards that come along with Adderall ingestion. Mentions – Burgbacher. Katie. and Amanda Brewer Study of Adderall Use Among College Students: A New and Upcoming Trend University of Kentucky. RUNNING HEAD: Research Undertaking ( 2006 ) . Pp 1-19 – Desantis. Alan. and Audrey Curtis Hane. Adderall is Decidedly Not a Drug : Justifications for the Illegal Use of ADHD Stimulants. Substance Use A ; Misuse 45 ( 2008 ) : 31-46. Print. – Diagnostic standards for attending shortage for hyperactivity upset. ( 2005 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association. – Kratochvil. Christopher. Health Canada suspends Adderall. Brown University Child A ; Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 7 ( 2005 ) : 12. Print. – Loe. M. E. . DeWitt. C. . Quirindongo. C. and Sandler. R. . 2006-08-11 Pharming to Perform in the Classroom: Making Sense of the Medically-Disciplined College Student Body Paper presented at the one-year meeting of the American Sociological Association. Mo ntreal Convention Center. Montreal. Quebec. Canada Online lt ; PDF gt ; . 2012-06-24 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. allacademic. com/meta/p103442_index. hypertext markup language – McCabe. S. E. . et Al ( 2005 ) . Non-medical usage of prescription opioids among U. S. college pupils: Prevalence and correlatives from a national study. Addictive Behaviors. 30 ( 4 ) . 96-106. – Nichols. K. ( 2004 ) . The other performance-enhancing drugs. History of Higher Education. 51 ( 17 ) . A41-A42. – Okie. S. ( 2006 ) . ADHD in grownups. New England Journal of Medicine. 354:2637–2641. – Schiffner. Jennifer. 2010. Harder. Better. Faster Stronger: Regulating Illicit Adderall Use Among Law Students and Law Schools Express – Schwarz. Alan. Drowned in a watercourse of Prescriptions. The New York Times 3 Feb. 2013: 1. 18-20. Print. – Stolz. Stefanie. Adderall Maltreatment: Regulating the Academic Steroid. Journal of Law and Education 41. No. 3 ( 2011 ) : 585-592. Print. – Visser. SN. RH Bitsko. ML Danielson. and R Perou. Incr easing Prevalence of Parent-Reported Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children –United States. 2003 and 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 59. 44 ( 2010 ) : 1439-1443. Print.

How to Write a Good Management Essay

How to Write a Good Management Essay How to Write a Good Management Essay The Purpose of Management Essays Management essays give insight into up-to-date information and trends in the field of management, in any area of expertise such as healthcare management, conflict management, time management, risk management, etc. Writing a management essay is not always easy. Following is a concise guide on how to write a good management essay. Tips for Writing a Management Essay The first thing to keep in mind, when writing your management essay, is focusing on new information or introducing a new concept. The essay should incorporate a clear idea into theories, complete with examples to back up the idea. Following are tips to help you. The Topic – Choose a topic that introduces a new concept or clarifies an existing concept. Also, it is a good idea to use real life examples to reinforce ideas. Categories of topics to choose from include planning, resourcing, motivating, organizing, compensating, or development. The Structure – Your essay structure should contain the introduction, body, conclusion, and recommendations. Also, consider the readability of your essay and use headings, subheadings, and bullet-points. The Introduction and Thesis Your introduction explains ‘what’ problem needs solving. The body of the essay explains ‘why’ the problem exists and ‘how’ it can be solved. Also, your thesis statement (or the main idea/concept) is explained in the introduction. The Body – Here, you explore and explain your argument by introducing a new idea or enhancing an existing idea. Be sure to use pertinent examples. Also this is where you gain the attention and trust of the reader by ensuring that you make valid points that are proven. Also, reference and source pertinent management theory pertaining to your chosen topic to support your argument. Your research findings are also included in the body. The Conclusion and Recommendations – Here is where you tie everything together by restating the thesis statement and the research findings to comprehensively reinforce the message of the management essay. Furthermore, management issues from the essay that are up for discussion should be touched on and included in the recommendations section. Citations and Referencing Most management essays are written using the Harvard referencing style, due to its comprehensive nature. Be sure to use reputable sources for your research such as the Hoovers or Neilson databases, as well as the EBSCOhost and JSTOR databases; also, publications such as the Wall Street Journal, Business Week, or Fortune. You can find management theories in management texts. Writing a management essay is a challenge, but following these tips can certainly help you complete the task and deliver a well-researched, well-written, informative essay that is on a level professionalism to appear in academic publications. Our professional custom writing service will provide you with quality Management essay help online on any topic.

Web Design Rationale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Web Design Rationale - Essay Example The laundry business has long been a major source of income for many individuals (Yung, et.al., 2006). The industrial revolution has brought forth the use of washing machines, which has then led to businesses within the laundry services line (Yung, et.al., 2006). To date, this business has grown and expanded. In the current age of computers and the Internet, most businesses have now included online features for their clientele (Yung, et.al., 2006). Significant improvements in these online features have been added throughout the years, including the various options available for customers. This website features a description of the kind of basic services offered by the business, including the types of items which they can clean as well as the prices corresponding to each type of laundry. The website includes a phone number and the address of the laundry service. Other services including the repair of clothes would also be seen on the site. Additional features which would be included i n the website are the following: 1. What they offer. Additional features to be added would include wedding laundry, domestic laundry, restaurant laundry, and hotel laundry. These are distinct and specific types of laundry which often require different types of handling. Wedding laundry would likely include clothes for the bride/groom and the entourage. Items of this nature are delicate and require an enormous amount of care – more than what is usually needed for other types of laundry. The other kinds of laundry mentioned above would have qualities specific to their industry. Hotel laundry would likely include mostly linens; restaurant laundry would likely include items which may be stained with food items or grease and would require stain removal processes. Adding specificity to the website would immediately inform the clients about the possible options they have; it would also entice specific businesses involved, including hotels and restaurants and other institutions who e ncounter specific problems with their laundry (Burge and Brown, 1998). In effect, this added feature would identify clients, often making them feel entitled to specialised and personalised services. Posting these details on the website would also indicate who their target audience is. 2. Contact us. (Twitter, Facebook, email, phone). This feature taps into the social media and the connectivity of telecommunications. The fastest and most popular tool on the Internet these days is the social media, and this tool has become one of the most convenient means by which free and widespread advertising can be utilised (Stephanidis, 2011). Where these contact measures are made possible, greater accessibility is guaranteed. Adding the email and phone features helps cover all the possible options for communicating with the business, thereby ensuring that the clients would have the power to choose which contact means they would use (Stephanidis, 2011). 3. About us. This feature would describe th e laundry house, specify its features and options, and why it is the best choice to fit the needs of any customer seeking laundry services (Lee, 2004). It would also describe the exemplary quality of the laundry services, as well as the favourable reputation of the business (Lee, 2004). This feature would basically introduce the customer to the website and the laundry servic

Fleming Park Restoration and Improvement Project Case Study

Fleming Park Restoration and Improvement Project - Case Study Example Scope ï‚ § To improve the recreational and leisure facilities of the area in competition with other providers. Assumptions and Constraints - The project will be delayed by 6 months, - Budgeted money will be inadequate & project delays are acceptable. - Lack of resources along with limited manpower. - HLF has been appointed as a main project monitor & its decisions will directly impact on the project outcomes. Outcome / Quality Expectations ï‚ § More and more residents in the area will be persuaded to visit the park, ï‚ § Existing trees of the area could be preserved and new trees could be planted & it will facilitate the animals and birds to inhabit the area. Risk and Interdependencies - An Environment Impact Analysis must be carried to assess the environmental impact of restoring the park, - Thus the natural eco-system of the area could be disturbed and some of the animals and birds would be driven away. - Some houses and buildings in the area would have to be demolished to expand the Leisure Park, - These houses and offices would have to be relocated elsewhere & it would involve a considerable cost. Benefits ï‚ § Leisure activities increases as a result of the leisure park, ï‚ § The price that residents have to pay for leisure activities decreases, Benefit Realisation - Thus it would be cheaper for the residents to come to the park for leisure than developing their own plots of greenery or look elsewhere for leisure. - This will in turn benefit the Parks and Leisure Developments company. Their profits would rise and thus the employees of the company would be benefited. Fleming Park Restoration and Improvement Project Case study Project Mandate - Example Project Objectives Key Stakeholders / Project Roles To extend the new Total Incentive reward package to the population with effect from June and in so doing: Identify the population as a Xerox resource on one common grade and move towards harmonised terms and conditions of employment. Provide a market-led, modern rewards package that assists attraction and retention at this level. Provide a benefits framework that supports cultural change and recognises and rewards performance, incentivising employees to grow the business. Project Sponsor Project Manager End user working group Etc. To champion the scheme To lead the Project Life cycle Interested parties communication stream to voice end users needs. Scope Assumptions and Constraints To include all existing or equivalent grades across all brands. Estimated population of 535 people

Representation Of Women In Music Cultural Studies Essay

Representation Of Women In Music Cultural Studies Essay In 1969 when asked why there werent any other powerful women in the music industry, Janis Joplin said its not feminine, maybe, to really get into music, instead of float around on the top like most chick singers do. Maybe that is why today, in the 10s there is a lack of challenging female artists who truly break down boundaries. The contemporary music industry offers very few independent, strong female role models who do more than simply sell sex to make people buy records. This investigation will focus on the representation of women in music, specifically in punk and underground music, from their breakthrough in the 70s to their lack of representation today in the 10s. The primary case studies will be various female punk bands from the 70s to the 90s such as Xray Spex and Siouxsie and The Banshees, with Beth Ditto as my contemporary focus. I will analyse music videos and song lyrics, as well as their physical representations. I will examine theorists such as Germaine Greer, Naomi Wolf and Laura Mulvey to assess how their work can be applied. As second-wave feminism took hold in the 60s, music turned into a political manifesto for feminists, as female singer-songwriters began to campaign for womens rights. Their music often dismantled myths held about women, and enabled women to embody their own self-made identity as opposed to that which society and culture allocated for them. Janis Joplin was largely unconcerned with the feminist movement, but proceeded to represent a feminist symbol for women in a male dominated rock culture, influencing generations of female musicians to come. Women were of significant importance to the punk culture of the late 1970s; beginning in New York with performers like Patti Smith and Debbie Harry, punk rock spread around the world and women in punk music became more visible. As punk music gave them an outlet for their edgy, political, anti-establishment lyrics, and non-conformist, unconventional female personas, it became perfect for feminist musicians to have their voices heard. Women in punk music had to be strong to stand against their male contemporaries. By the late 70s, punks peak in London, female-dominated bands like Siouxsie and The Banshees, The Slits and X-Ray Spex were playing on the same bills as all-male bands like The Clash and the Sex Pistols. These bands gained public recognition not only because of their revolutionary music, but also by challenging expectations of femininity. Widely considered the most influential woman in punk rock ever to walk the Earth Siouxsie Sioux said in 1974 I dont carry anything for any females, and I hate being called the best female singer cause I think Im better than any male singer as well. These bands didnt want to be classed as a separate category from male musicians; they just want to be classed as musicians. Siouxsie Sioux said it was a powerful time for women. Girls were finally picking up instruments and not just being a puppet held up by a man with strings in the background. Laura Mulvey is a feminist media critic who is best known for her seminal essay entitled Visual Pleasure and narrative cinema (Sight Sound 1975). In it she sites the media as o tool for male oppression and that women are seen merely as objects for male gratification. The camera, she argues, sees from the Male gaze. Mulveys theory also states that the media satisfies and reinforces the masculine ego and represses the desire of women. The Siouxsie and The Banshees video Happy House, goes against Laura Mulveys theory that images of women are displayed as sexual objects. In the first shot of this video Siouxsie looks fiercely into the camera, her eye make up is dark and she has bright red lips; her signature look. She looks androgynous as she is wearing an oversized jester outfit with short spiky black hair. No skin is visible except for her face and hands. The camera follows Siouxsie around, showing she is controlling the video, contradicting this quote from Laura Mulvey: in their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed. As the camera follows her, it is not in a voyeuristic way, she is simply the main focus of the video, and the camera angle remains level with her face throughout the video, showing she is dominant and confident. Despite being the only female seen, she appears more confident than the male members of the band, overshadowing them by controlling the video. Siouxs ie is also shown playing instruments, displaying her as equal to the male musicians. This opposes Mulveys idea that men always dominate. Also, she continuously looks aggressively at the camera, conveying she feels superior to the audience. Nothing in this video suggests Siouxsie is being portrayed as a sex symbol, in fact quite the opposite. Many of these women did not seem to care about being sexually alluring, this contrasts with Germaine Greers theory of there being a dominant image of femininity which rules our culture and to which all women aspire. It also disagrees with Naomi Wolfs argument that women in Western Culture are damaged by the pressure to conform to an idealized concept of female beauty. On The Slits first album cover they are pictured topless, covered in mud, looking dishevelled, not appearing to have made any effort at all to look good. Despite being topless, this cover is not shot through the male gaze as the women appear dominant and in control as opposed to passive. The women of these bands took their entire personalities onstage, often involving wearing clothing that reflected their thoughts and attitudes. Siouxsie Sioux frequently performed wearing black leather and rubber bondage attire, as well as heavy eye make-up, making overt statements about her sexuality. When asked about her appearance, Siouxsie said image represents in a way, a kind of rejection of a stereotype, a blonde, dumb cuteness that was sought after by most singers, especially female, conveying that she dresses for her own pleasure and not others. Ari Up of The Slits, constructed an image that played on conventions of female sexuality by always sporting long dreadlocks, never using make-up and often wearing underwear over her clothes. In New York, Patti Smith and Debbie Harry of Blondie expressed two very different takes on punk femininity; Smith was a cross-dressing, androgynous woman, comfortable with blurring her gender, and Harry was a bleached-blonde former playboy bunny, still playing on the stereotypical conventions of female singers. Poly Styrene of X-Ray Spex was a geeky teenager, overweight, and with large metal braces, known for wearing bright abrasive clashing colours onstage. Xray Spex dealt with various issues on their album Germfree Adolescents such as the environment and living in a consumer society where you have to live up to the expectations driven by advertising and consumerism. Even lead singer Poly Styrenes name reflected the fake and plasticness of the society they were living in. The song Plastic Bag reinforces her view as she sings my mind is like a plastic bag that corresponds to all those ads it sucks up all the rubbish. Art-I-Ficial contains the lyric I know Im artificial but dont put the blame on me, I was reared with appliances in a consumer society. When I put on my make-up the pretty little mask not me thats the way a girl should be, this conveys Pollys feminist views and her opposition of societys expectations of women. This theme can also been seen in Xray Spexs most widely known song Oh Bondage Up Yours where Polly begins by saying softly in a childlike voice Some people think little girls should be seen and not heard, but I think before exploding with a screech of Oh bondage, up yours, turning the girly voice into something more distasteful. This song is about the aversion at being constantly scrutinized by mainstream society. After a lack of female punk bands in the 80s, Riot grrrl exploded in the early 90s. It originated from the punk movement, initiated by nonconformist female bands who aimed to stomp out sexism and inequality in response and developed into an underground feminist movement in the early 1990s. It is often associated with third-wave feminism and it is sometimes seen as its starting point as a response to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by second-wave feminism. The subculture gave women a place to exist out of the system. Riot grrrl was about 90s women making a stand, screeching against authority and exploring what they wanted a woman to represent. Todays music charts seem only to reflect generated pop-rock, especially where females are concerned. The only mainstream female band with political views and strong female role models, who want more than to just be sex symbols currently are Gossip. Competing with artists marketed through the male gaze, its no wonder Gossips Beth Ditto is deemed controversial in todays music scene. Whether its because shes openly gay, a non-shaving punk, or morbidly obese, mainstream society sees her as an outsider. 30 years ago, it wouldve been typical in the underground music scene to see individuals like this. Beth Ditto is said to be a fan of Riot Grrrl and states Xray Spex as her biggest influence. Gossips lyrics are often about society and feminist issues, disguised with a mainstream catchy electro-beat. Even Gossips most widely recognised song, Standing in the Way of Control is extremely political as it is attacking George W. Bush in response to same-sex marriage being prohibited in some states of the USA, the resistance can be seen in the lyric were standing in the way of control, we will live our lives. Her unwillingness to conform to societys expectations is clearly visible on the NME issue on which she appears unshaven and naked on the front cover. The image shows Beth with her hand on her bottom which has a kiss mark on it and another hand covering her breast. She is looking at the camera, not in the conventional, seductive way female singers are usually photographed, but instead almost snarling as if she doesnt care what anyone thinks of her. The headline reads Kiss my ass, once again reinforcing her reluctance to conform. This image shocked the teenage audience of the magazine and sparked controversy as it is an image that mainstream society is rarely subjected to. It was also nominated to be crowned the best magazine cover of all time. This image doesnt represent the usual ideology of women and this is why Germaine Greer has praised Ditto on appearing like this on the cover of a mainstream magazine, and also NME for allowing her to do so. Greer speaks highly of Beth stating: h er intention is to force acceptance of her body type, 5ft tall and 15 stone, and by this strategy to challenge the conventional imagery of women. Laura Mulveys theory of feminism can be seen here; Beth Ditto is the dominant female who refuses to be passive to the male viewer. Gossips video Listen Up, follows two transvestites, one male and one female and depicts what it means to be masculine and feminine. This is an alternative theme for a music video and so once again Ditto challenges mainstream society. However, in this video, Ditto herself is not shown in her usual rebellious way, but instead appears to be typical of a music video, showing that everyone needs to conform to sell records. My research has established that despite years of feminism and social movement, women are still objectified as sex symbols in the music industry. For my linked production I will be producing a music video in the style of 1970s female punk bands to the song Oh Bondage, Up Yours by X-ray Spex. The target audience for the video will be predominately female teenagers who feel their views and values arent represented in mainstream music. The video will not sexualise women and it will reject the male gaze. Word Count 2002

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Otec Environmental Sciences Essay

The oceans cover a little more than 70 per centum of the Earth surface. This makes it the universes largest solar energy aggregator and energy storage system. On an mean twenty-four hours, 60 million square kilometres if tropical seas absorb and sum of solar radiation equal in heat content to about 250 million barrels of oil. The history of world, have depended upon its ability to suppress the forces of nature, and to use these forces to function its demands. Energy engineering is surely one of the most of import factors in the outgrowth of world as the dominant species of this works. The innovation of the practical steam engine by James W, brought about development of big mills, steam ships and the steam engine. First wood was used, so coal. About the same clip, the usage of coal instigated progresss in metallurgy.petroleum from natural ooze has been used since ancient times for lighting, lubrication and sealing. The debut of boring for oil greatly increased the supply of oil. The i ndustrial revolution switches in to high cogwheel. One job is that the natural ooze is limited and in a few old ages the elements will be used. The development of atomic power was touted as the replies to all world ‘s energy sufferings. It non turned out that manner. The riddance of authorities subsidies for atomic power workss has made them rather unaffordable. When it went so bad no insure in the universe will compose catastrophe for atomic power works The construct of OTEC ( ocean thermal energy transition ) has existed for over a century as fantasised by Jules Verne in 1870 and conceptualised by Gallic physicist, Jacques arsene 500 arsonval in 1881. Despite this an operating OTEC power installation was non developed until the 1920 ‘s. 2.2 WHAT IS OTEC OTEC, ocean thermic energy transition is an energy engineering that converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC systems use the ocean ‘s natural thermic gradient, accordingly the temperature difference between the warm surface H2O and the cold deep H2O below 600 meters by about 20'c, an OTEC system can bring forth, a significantly sum of power. The oceans are therefore a huge renewable resource ; with the potency to assist us in the OTEC procedure is besides rich in foods and it can be used to civilization both marine being and works life near the shore or on land The entire inflow of solar energy into Earth is of 1000s of clip as a great as world entire energy usage. All of our coal, oil and natural gas are the consequence of the gaining control of solar energy by life of the yesteryear. There have been, any undertakings for tackling solar energy, but most have non been successful because they attempt to capture the energy straight. The thought behind OTEC is the usage of all a natural aggregators, the Se, alternatively of unreal aggregator. 2.3 HOW OTEC WORKS Warm H2O is collected on the surface of the tropical ocean and pumped by a warm H2O pump. The H2O is pumped through the boiler, where some of the H2O is used to heat the working fluid, normally propane or some similar stuff. The propane vapor expands through a turbine which is coupled to a generator that bring forthing electric power. Cold H2O from the underside is pumped through the capacitor, where the vapor returns to the liquid province. The fluid is pumped back into the boiler. Some little fraction of the power from the turbine is used to pump the H2O through the system and to power other internal operations, but most of it is available as net power. There are two different sorts of OTEC power workss, the land based and the natation works. First, land based power workss, the land based pilot works will dwell of a edifice. This edifice will incorporate the heat money changers, turbines, generators and controls. It will be connected to the ocean via several pipes, and an tremendous fish farm ( 100 football countries ) by other pipes. Warm H2O is collected through a screened enclosure near to the shop. A long pipe laid on the incline collects cold H2O. Power and fresh H2O are generated in the edifice by the equipment. Used H2O if first circulated in to the marine civilization pool ( fish farm ) and so discharges by the 3rd pipe in to the ocean, downstream from the warm H2O recess. This is done so that the escape does non reenter the program, since rhenium usage of warm H2O would take down the available temperature difference. While, the other OTEC power workss is drifting power workss, the drifting power works works in the same mann er as the land based the evident different is that the natation works is drifting. Where really OTEC can be used, OTEC can be sited anyplace across about 60 million squares kilometers of tropical oceans anyplace there is deep cold H2O lying under warm surface H2O this by and large means between the tropic of malignant neoplastic disease and the tropic of Capricorn. Surface H2O is these parts, warmed by the Sun, by and large stys at 25 grades Celsius or supra. Ocean H2O more than 1000 metres below the surface is by and large at approximately 4 grades C.2.4 TYPES OF OTECThere are three types of OTEC designs: unfastened rhythm, closed rhythm and intercrossed rhythm.Closed rhythm Closed rhythm systems use unstable with a low boiling point, such as ammonium hydroxide, to revolve a turbine to bring forth electricity. Here how it works. Warm surface sea H2O is pumped through a heat money changer where the low boiling H2O point is vaporized. The spread outing vapor turns the turbo generator, so ball, deep saltwater pumped through a 2nd heat money changer condenses the vapor back into a liquid, which is so recycle through the system Open rhythm Open rhythm OTEC uses the tropical oceans warm surface H2O to do electricity. When warm saltwater is placed in a low force per unit area container, it boils. The spread outing steam drives a low force per unit area turbine attached to an electrical generator. The steam, which has left its slat behind in the low force per unit area container, is about pure fresh H2O. It is condensed back into a liquid by exposure to cold temperature from deep oceans H2O Hybrid rhythm Hybrid system combines the characteristic of both the closed rhythm an unfastened rhythm system. In a intercrossed system, warm saltwater enters a vacuity chamber where it is brassy evaporated into steam, similar to the unfastened rhythm vaporization procedure. The steam vaporizes a low boiling point fluid that drives a turbine to bring forth electricity2.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OTECThe advantages of OTEC is the utilizations OF OTEC is clean, renewable, its natural resource. Warm surface saltwater and cold H2O from the ocean deepnesss replace fossil fuels to bring forth electricity. Second, its appropriately designed OTEC workss will bring forth small or no C dioxide or other pollutant chemical Third, OTEC system can bring forth fresh H2O every bit good as electricity. This is a important adapted in island countries where fresh H2O is limited, other there is adequate solar energy received and stored in the warm tropical ocean ‘s surface bed to supply most, if non all, of present human energy demands and last the usage of OTEC as a beginning of electricity will assist cut down the province about complete dependance on imported fossil fuels. The disadvantages of OTEC is produced electric at present would be more than electricity generated from fossil fuels at theirs current costs. Second, OTEC workss must be located were a difference of about 20 ; degree Celsius occurs twelvemonth unit of ammunition. Ocean deepnesss must be available reasonably near to shore based installations for economics operation. Floating works ships could supply more flexibleness. Third, there is no energy company will set money in this undertaking because it merely has been tested in really smell graduated table and last, the building of OTEC workss and lying of pipes in coastal H2O may do localized harm to reefs and near shore Marine ecosystems.2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OTECOTEC systems are, for the most portion, environmentally benign. Although inadvertent escape of closed rhythm working fluids can present a jeopardy, under normal conditions, the lone wastewaters are the assorted saltwater discharges and dissolved gases that come out of solu tion when sea H2O is depressurized. Although the measures of outgassed species may be important for big OTEC systems, with the exclusion of C dioxide, these species are benign. Carbon dioxide is a nursery gas and can impact planetary clime ; nevertheless, OTEC systems release one or two orders of magnitude less C dioxide than comparable dodo fuel power workss and those emanations may be sequestered easy in the ocean or used to excite marine biomass production. OTEC assorted saltwater discharges will be at lower temperatures than sea H2O at the ocean surface. The discharges will besides incorporate high concentrations of foods brought up with the deep sea H2O and may hold a different salt. It is of import ; hence, that release back into the ocean is conducted in a mode that minimizes unintended alterations to the ocean assorted bed biology and avoids bring oning long-run surface temperature anomalousnesss. Analysiss of OTEC wastewater plumes suggest that discharge at deepnesss of 50- 100 m should be sufficient to guarantee minimum impact on the ocean environment. Conversely, the nutrient-rich OTEC discharges could be exploited to prolong open-ocean Mari civilization